Titan Historian’s Corner (July 2009)
By: Jim Rivers
(RIVERSNCO@YAHOO.COM)

Fall 1975 – Space Shuttle or Else!
In the fall of 1975, the Space Shuttle program was like a runaway freight train in a one way tunnel and a head-on collision with the Titan and the other expendable launch vehicle programs was inevitable.   The Administration was committed to the Space Shuttle program and all expendable Launch vehicle users were to transition to the Space shuttle ASAP (as soon as possible).  The Government Accounting Office (GAO), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Defense Department (DOD) and Air Force budget planners were assuming that after the first Space Shuttle launch, the Government Satellite programs would fly on an Expendable Launch Vehicle for one mission and on the Space Shuttle for the next, i.e., no need for parallel Space Shuttle and Expendable Launch Vehicle programs. Their assumptions were based on the fact that this is how the Satellite programs had accommodated to the introduction of new vehicles into the Expendable Launch Vehicle Fleet in the past.

The Air Force Space Booster Program Element Monitor (PEM) and the Systems Command Systems Technical Officer (SYSTO) could see the wreck coming and started an education program for the budget planners.  The message was that due to the human element in the Space Shuttle program a different approach was needed.  It wasn’t unusual for previous Launch failures to result in 6 to 12 month delays between launches.  With the human element involved in the Space Shuttle program, it wasn’t unreasonable to expect that even relatively minor problems in the early Space Shuttle launches could result in delays of a year. It took a lot of one-on-one meetings with considerable sharing of data to raise the understanding of the risks with the budget planners’ existing plan.  In the end, the message seemed to resonate with the budget planners in the GAO, DOD and Air Force, and they were open to a plan that would accommodate this type of situation.

With the door now open, a plan was needed that was technically practical, minimized the amount of extra hardware bought, maximized flexibility, and sounded reasonable to a non-technically inclined audience.

Baseline: Since the Space Shuttle could only fly to low earth orbit, satellites needed to use either a small kick motor for small increases in orbital altitude or the DOD’s Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) for larger increases in orbital altitude.  The DOD Satellite programs were not planning on changing the configuration for initial transition to the Space Shuttle; therefore the changes were limited to integrating to the Space Shuttle environments and to the IUS.  Also, a special approach was needed for the Titan and Atlas Centaur programs because of the multiple launch vehicle configurations, orbital injection requirements and launch sites.
The Plan: A single Titan launch vehicle configuration was proposed that would be adaptable to using strap-on Solid Rocket Motors (SRMs) and when necessary, use an IUS.  The Titan would use a radio guidance system or the IUS guidance system input as a reference signal.  The IUS would be a modified version of the IUS that was purchased for the satellite program to accommodate the energy capability differences between the Titan vs. Space Shuttle vehicles. The plan was called the Titan 34D program.

The initiative and initial ground work by the PEM and SYSTO had been well received because the Titan 34D program was well received by the all the budget planners.  Not surprisingly, it was also well received by the congressional staffers.  In the 1976 Five Year Defense Plan, out year funds were added to the Air Force Space Booster budget for nine Titan 34D vehicles, and in March of 1977 a reprogramming request for $10.3 million for integrating the Titan and IUS vehicles was approved by the all four of the Congressional Defense Committees.  The concept for orderly satellite transition and backup launch capability was now established.

But for the initiative of the Air Force Space Booster PEM and Systems Command SYSTO, Titan might not have been available when DOD needed an alternative to the Space Shuttle.  We all know the ending – this was the foundation for the Titan IV program and the eventual 50 years of Titan. 

Monday, May 4, 2009, AVIATION HISTORY
 
In aviation history, decades before geeks and nerds altered  our way of life, young and gutsy aviation pioneers changed the world with their wood sticks, bailing wire, canvas and aluminum.
 
How many of you know that in 1910, mighty Martin Marietta got its start in an abandoned California church? That's where Glenn L. Martin with his amazing mother Minta Martin and their mechanic Roy Beal constructed a fragile biplane that Glenn taught himself to fly.
 
It has often been told how Douglas Aircraft started operations in 1920 in a barbershop's backroom on L.A.'s Pico Boulevard . Interestingly, the barber-shop is still operating.
 
The Lockheed Company built the first of their famous Vegas' in 1927 inside a building currently used by Victory Cleaners at 1040 Sycamore in Hollywood.
 
In 1922, Claude Ryan, a 24 year old military reserve pilot, was getting his hair cut in San Diego, when the barber mentioned that the 'town's aviator' was in jail for smuggling Chinese illegals up from Mexico. Claude found out that if he replaced the pilot 'sitting in the pokey,' that he would be able to lease the town's airfield for $50 a month BUT he also needed to agree to fly North and East BUT not South!
 
Northrop's original location was an obscure So California hotel. It was available because the police had raided the hotel and found that its steady residents were money-minded gals entertaining transitory male hotel guests.
 
Glenn Martin built his first airplane in a vacant church, before he moved to a vacant apricot cannery in Santa Ana . He was a showman and he traveled the county fair and air meet circuit as an exhibitionist aviator From his exhibition proceeds, Glenn was able to  pay his factory workers and purchase the necessary wood, linen and wire. His mother, Minta and two men ran the factory while Glenn risked his neck and gadded about the country. One of his workers was 22-year old Donald Douglas [who WAS the entire engineering department]. A Santa Monica youngster named Larry Bell [later founded Bell Aircraft] ran the shop.
 
Another part of Glenn Martin's business was a flying school with several planes based at Griffith Park , and a seaplane operation on the edge of Watts . His instructors taught a rich young man named Bill Boeing to fly. Then, Boeing bought one of Glenn Martin's seaplanes and had it shipped back to his home in Seattle. At the same time, Bill Boeing hired away Glenn's personal mechanic. Later, after Boeing's seaplane crashed in Puget Sound , he placed an order to Martin for replacement parts.
 
Still chafing from having his best mechanic  'swiped,' [a trick he later often used himself] Martin decided to take his sweet time and allowed Bill Boeing to 'stew' for a while. Bill Boeing wasn't one to 'stew' and he began fabricating his own aircraft parts, an activity that morphed into constructing entire airplanes.
 
A former small shipyard nicknamed 'Red Barn' became Boeing Aircraft's first home. Soon, a couple of airplanes were being built inside, each of them having a remarkable resemblance to Glenn Martin's airplanes. that, interestingly, had its own remarkable resemblance to Glenn Curtiss' airplanes.
 
A few years later, when the Great depression intervened and Boeing couldn't sell enough airplanes to pay his bills, he diversified into custom built speed boats and furniture for his wealthy friends.
 
After WWI, a bunch of sharpies from Wall Street gained control of the Wright Brothers Co in Dayton and the Martin Company in L.A. and 'stuck them' together as the Wright-Martin Company.
 
Wright-Martin began building an obsolete biplane design with a foreign Hispano-Suiza engine. Angered because he had been out maneuvered with a bad idea, Martin walked out¦. taking Larry Bell and key employees with him.
 
From the deep wallet of a wealthy baseball mogul, Martin was able to establish a new factory. Then his good luck continued, when the future aviation legend Donald Douglas, who Glenn persuaded to join his team. Quickly emerging from the team's efforts was the Martin Bomber, the Martin MB-1.
 
Although too late to enter WWI, the Martin bomber showed its superiority when Billy Mitchell made everyone mad at him by sinking several captured German battleships and cruisers.
 
In Cleveland, a young fellow called 'Dutch' Kindelberger joined Martin as an engineer. Later, as the leader of North American Aviation, Dutch became justifiably well-known.
 
Flashing back to 1920, Donald Douglas had saved $60,000,  returned to L.A. and rented a barbershop's rear room and loft space in a carpenter's shop nearby.  There he constructed a classic passenger airplane called the Douglas Cloudster.
 
A couple of years later, Claude Ryan bought the Cloudster and used it to make daily flights between San Diego and Los Angeles.  This gave Ryan the distinction of being the first owner/operator of Douglas transports. Claude Ryan later custom built Charles Lindbergh's 'ride' to fame in the flying fuel tank christened: The Spirit of St. Louis .
 
In 1922, Donald Douglas won a contract from the Navy to build several torpedo carrying aircraft. While driving through Santa Monica 's wilderness, Douglas noticed an abandoned, barn-like movie studio. He stopped his roadster and prowled around. That abandoned studio became Douglas Aircraft's first real factory.  With the $120,000 contract in his hand, Donald Douglas could afford to hire one or two more engineers. My brother Gordon Scott had been schooled in the little known science of aviation at England's Fairey Aviation, so he hired Gordon.
 
My first association with the early aviation pioneers occurred when I paid my brother a visit at his new work place. Gordon was outside on a ladder washing windows. He was the youngest engineer.  Windows were dirty. And Douglas Aircraft Company had no money to pay janitors.
 
Gordon introduced me to a towhead guy called Jack Northrop, and another chap named Jerry Vultee. Jack Northrop had moved over from Lockheed Aircraft. And all of them worked together on the Douglas Aircraft's world cruiser designs. While working in his home after work and on weekends, Jack designed a wonderfully advanced streamlined airplane. When Allan Loughead [Lock-heed] found a wealthy investor willing to finance Northrop's new airplane, he linked up with Allan. Together, they leased a Hollywood workshop and constructed the Lockheed Vega. It was sensational with its clean lines and high performance. Soon Amelia Earhart and others flew the Vega and broke many of aviation's world records.
 
I had the distinct pleasure of spending time with Ed Heinemann who later designed the AD, A3D and A4D. He told me how my Dad would fly out to Palmdale with an experimental aircraft they were both working on. They would fly it around for a few hops and come up with some fixes. After having airframe changes fabricated in a nearby machine shop, they would hop it again to see if they had gotten the desired results. If it worked out, Mr. Heinemann would institute the changes on the aircraft's factory assembly line. No money swapped hands!
 
In May 1927, Lindbergh flew to Paris and triggered a bedlam where everyone was trying to fly everywhere. Before the first Lockheed Vega was built, William Randolph Hearst had already paid for it and had it entered in an air race from the California Coast to   Honolulu . In June 1927, my brother Gordon left Douglas Aircraft to become Jack Northrop's assistant at Lockheed. While there, he managed to get himself hired as the navigator on Hearst's Vega. The race was a disaster and ten lives were lost. The Vega and my brother vanished. A black cloud hung heavily over the little shop. However, Hubert Wilkins, later to become Sir Hubert Wilkins, took Vega #2 and made a successful polar flight from Alaska to Norway . A string of successful flights after that placed Lockheed in aviation's forefront.
 
I went to work for Lockheed as it 26th employee shortly after the disaster and I worked on the Vega. It was made almost entirely of wood and I quickly become a half-assed carpenter.
 
At this time, General Motors had acquired North American consisting of Fokker Aircraft, Pitcairn Aviation [later Eastern Airlines] and Sperry Gyroscope and hired Dutch Kindelberger away from Douglas to run it Dutch moved the entire operation to L.A. where Dutch and his engineers came up with the P-51 Mustang.  Interestingly, just a handful of young men played roles affecting the lives of all Americans ..... as it initiated the So California metamorphosis, from a semi-desert with orange groves and celluloid, into a dynamic complex, supporting millions.
 
Although this technological explosion had startling humble beginnings, taking root as acorns in a barber shop's back room, a vacant church, and an abandoned cannery but came to fruition as mighty oaks.
 
Source:
Denham S. Scott, North American Aviation Retirees'